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<title>Least objectionable program</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Least objectionable program</span></span>

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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>The theory of the <b>least objectionable program</b> (<b>LOP</b>) is a <a href="Mediology" title="Mediology">mediological</a> theory explaining <a href="Television" title="Television">television</a> audience behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was developed in the 1960s by then executive of audience measurement at <a href="NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>, <a href="Paul_L._Klein" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul L. Klein">Paul L. Klein</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-klein_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klein-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was greatly influenced by the media theorist <a href="Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">Marshall McLuhan</a>'s <i><a href="Understanding_Media%3A_The_Extensions_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man">Understanding Media</a></i>.

</p><p>The theory also promoted discussion in the legal world about what qualified as "objectionable programming," and how this lack of definition prompted a complex series of legal battles in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""Why_You_Watch_What_You_Watch_When_You_Watch"">"Why You Watch What You Watch When You Watch"</h2></div>

<p>In an article "Why You Watch What You Watch When You Watch" (published in <i><a href="TV_Guide" title="TV Guide">TV Guide</a></i> in 1971<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), Klein explained that viewers <a href="TV_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="TV consumption">consume</a> the <a href="Media_(communication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Media (communication)">medium</a> of <a href="Television" title="Television">television</a> rather than <a href="Television_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Television program">television shows</a>, treating the medium as the end of their consumption itself rather than using the set as a means to access specific programs they like the way they might choose a <a href="Book" title="Book">book</a> from a shelf to access the story within. Since the introduction of television, the same percentage of sets are in use on, say, a Thursday evening at a certain hour, year after year, regardless of what content is broadcast.

</p><p>This is because unlike the way people use books, museums, or the cinema as means of consuming desired content, audiences consume television, the medium, as the desired object. TV viewers turn the set on, deciding to "watch television", and then seek out something to watch from what is available, <a href="Zapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapping">flipping around</a>, not until they find "something they like" – because television programming is in fact very rarely satisfying, and viewers rarely watch anything they actually like – but until they find something that doesn't offend them enough to make them flip to the next channel.

</p><p>(Viewers almost never turn off the set as a result of finding nothing tolerable and judging every program available boring or otherwise objectionable. Viewers commonly watch programs they describe later as unbearable, everything else on being even more intolerable. A more common response to a whole spectrum of equally unendurable choices than choosing to abandon the medium is to continue to flip frequently until new choices become available.)

</p><p>Thus, for programmers of television channels, Klein recommended understanding that audience attraction was a matter not of pleasing the greatest number of viewers but of offending the fewest (driving the fewest away to the competitors who may repulse them less). The television audience is in a kind of partial trance. A network will do better worrying less about not giving an audience enough to like, to be surprised and delighted by, and to engage their attention, than about avoiding, as Klein said, "disturbing their reverie" with something that causes them to change the channel. Thus, even as channel choices proliferate alongside numerous easily accessed out-of-schedule viewing options, successful television programs remain, as they have always been, formulaic, cliché, "instantly familiar," predictable, and monotonous in tone.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Least_offensive_programming">Least offensive programming</h2></div>

<p><b>Least offensive programming</b><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (sometimes abbreviated as <b>LOP</b>) was a strategy employed mainly by major US <a href="Television_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Television network">television networks</a>, approximately from the 1940s to late 1970s, where viewer numbers were thought to be sustained by television programming that offended the fewest viewers. <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result was an often mass-produced, bland output of <a href="Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> focused on leisure, targeting the <a href="American_middle_class" title="American middle class">American middle class</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theory was popularized by Klein.<sup id="cite_ref-klein_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klein-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_of_LOP_guidelines">Examples of LOP guidelines</h3></div>

<ul><li>Fairly positive images of a show</li>

<li>Can deal with serious issues but still needs to be upbeat</li>

<li>Likeable characters</li>

<li>Lack of controversy</li>

<li>Remember the dynamics of TV today</li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_shows_labeled_as_LOP">List of shows labeled as LOP</h2></div>

<ul><li><i><a href="NCIS%3A_New_Orleans" title="NCIS: New Orleans">NCIS: New Orleans</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-newcbsdramas_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newcbsdramas-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i><a href="Madam_Secretary_(TV_series)" title="Madam Secretary (TV series)">Madam Secretary</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-newcbsdramas_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newcbsdramas-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i><a href="Scorpion_(TV_series)" title="Scorpion (TV series)">Scorpion</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-newcbsdramas_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newcbsdramas-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i><a href="Grace_Under_Fire" title="Grace Under Fire">Grace Under Fire</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-tvwashingtonedu_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tvwashingtonedu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i><a href="Just_Shoot_Me" class="mw-redirect" title="Just Shoot Me">Just Shoot Me</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-tvwashingtonedu_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tvwashingtonedu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i><a href="Murphy_Brown" title="Murphy Brown">Murphy Brown</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-tvwashingtonedu_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tvwashingtonedu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i><a href="Roseanne" title="Roseanne">Roseanne</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-tvwashingtonedu_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tvwashingtonedu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_implications_of_objectionable_programming">Legal implications of objectionable programming</h2></div>

<p>Along with the networks’ desire to produce non-objectionable content, the American government sought to more closely regulate programming. Legal scholars in the 1960s and 70s tried to carve out definitions for “objectionable programming” that reflected the morals of the American populace while still respecting the <a href="First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many legal scholars questioned who exactly had the right to define the term, especially in relation to legal proceedings. Generally, it was agreed that this right fell to the <a href="Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC), but there was more disagreement on what actions the FCC could realistically take to prevent objectionable programming from reaching audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the threat of legal trouble, major networks began largely self-censoring to avoid any possible consequences.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Obsolescence_of_the_theory">Obsolescence of the theory</h2></div>

<p>It has been widely suggested that the theory itself is obsolete thanks to high <a href="Quality_television" title="Quality television">quality shows</a>, top-rated options and viewers' choice of shows whether live or time-shifted alongside the advancements of <a href="DVD" title="DVD">DVDs</a>, <a href="Home_Box_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Box Office">HBO</a> and <a href="Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>HBO in particular has been pushing the boundaries of LOP for decades. The network’s “boutique” style of paid programming carved out a niche for more controversial creative endeavors. <i><a href="Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones">Game of Thrones</a></i> is one of the network’s biggest successes, and its abundance of gore, mature language, and sexual violence has been highlighted as signal that LOP is no longer applicable in modern television.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1979/03/06/nbcees-paul-klein-to-the-door/998c31db-7e66-4bc0-bbd3-b3090f0b97d1/?noredirect=on">NBCees Paul Klein To the Door - The Washington Post</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-klein-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-klein_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-klein_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/1998/scene/people-news/paul-l-klein-1117882432/">Paul L. Klein - Variety</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/13/business/paul-l-klein-69-a-developer-of-pay-per-view-tv-channels.html">Paul Klein obituary</a>, <i><a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></span>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFLoevinger1966" class="citation journal cs1">Loevinger, Lee (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/fedcom20&id=11&collection=journals&index=">"The Issues in Program Regulation"</a>. <i>Federal Communications Bar Journal</i>. <b>20</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>15 – via HeinOnline.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein, P. (July 24, 1971). Why you watch what you watch when you watch. TV Guide, 6-9.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y80zrdhZCn8C&dq=least+offensive+programming&pg=PA213">Quality TV: Contemporary American Television and Beyond - Janet McCabe - Google Books</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TcA6DwAAQBAJ&dq=least+offensive+programming&pg=PA9">Joss Whedon Versus the Corporation: Big Business Critiqued in the Films and Television Programs - Erin Giannini - Google Books</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2006" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Robin (2006). "Chapter 5. Case Study: Modernism and Postmodernism in Television Drama". In Creeber, Glen (ed.). <i>Tele-Visions. An Introduction to Studying Television</i>. British Film Institute. p. 89. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-84457-086-X</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-tvwashingtonedu-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tvwashingtonedu_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tvwashingtonedu_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tvwashingtonedu_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tvwashingtonedu_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tvwashingtonedu_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.washington.edu/baldasty/Feb3.htm">Television Programming - Washington.edu</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-newcbsdramas-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newcbsdramas_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newcbsdramas_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newcbsdramas_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collider.com/ncis-new-orleans-renewed/">NCIS: New Orleans and 3 Other New CBS Dramas Renewed|Collider</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tvguide.com/news/too-much-tv-1060072/">As More Networks Develop Series, Is There Too Much TV? - TV Guide</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/05/business/media/from-wasteland-to-wonderland-tvs-altered-landscape.html">From Wasteland to Wonderland: TV's Altered Landscape - The New York Times</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHassler-Forest2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hassler-Forest, Dan (2014-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/tvseries/323">"Game of Thrones: Quality Television and the Cultural Logic of Gentrification"</a>. <i>TV/Series</i> (6). <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Ftvseries.323">10.4000/tvseries.323</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2266-0909">2266-0909</a>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Lorrie Faith Cranor, Shane M. Greenstein: <i>Communications policy and information technology: promises, problems, prospects.</i></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cybercollege.com/frtv/frtv030.htm">cybercollege.com</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Media_and_human_factors439" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Media_(communication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Media (communication)">Media</a> and <a href="Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">human factors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive psychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolution_of_cognition" title="Evolution of cognition">Cognition</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_mismatch" title="Evolutionary mismatch">Mismatch</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Media_psychology" title="Media psychology">Media psychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Betteridge's_law_of_headlines" title="Betteridge's law of headlines">Betteridge's law of headlines</a></li>

<li><a href="Gatekeeping_(communication)" title="Gatekeeping (communication)">Gatekeeping</a></li>

<li><a href="Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a>

<ul><li><a href="Human-interest_story" title="Human-interest story">Human-interest story</a></li>

<li><a href="Soft_media" title="Soft media">Soft media</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Journalistic_scandal" title="Journalistic scandal">Journalistic scandal</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a>

<ul><li><a href="Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Pink-slime_journalism" title="Pink-slime journalism">Pink-slime journalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_endorsement" title="Political endorsement">Political endorsement</a></li>

<li><a href="Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Missing_white_woman_syndrome" title="Missing white woman syndrome">Missing white woman syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="News_values" title="News values">News values</a></li>

<li><a href="Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a>

<li><a href="Spike_(journalism)" title="Spike (journalism)">Spiking</a></li>

<li><a href="Tabloid_television" title="Tabloid television">Tabloid television</a></li>

<li><a href="Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow journalism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Attention" title="Attention">Attention</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Attention_economy" title="Attention economy">Attention economy</a></li>

<li><a href="Attention_inequality" title="Attention inequality">Attention inequality</a></li>

<li><a href="Attention_management" title="Attention management">Attention management</a></li>

<li><a href="Attention_span" title="Attention span">Attention span</a></li>

<li><a href="Chumbox" title="Chumbox">Chumbox</a></li>

<li><a href="Clickbait" title="Clickbait">Clickbait</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_miser" title="Cognitive miser">Cognitive miser</a>

<ul><li><a href="Low_information_voter" title="Low information voter">Low information voter</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Digital_zombie" title="Digital zombie">Digital zombie</a>

<ul><li><a href="Phubbing" title="Phubbing">Phubbing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Doomscrolling" title="Doomscrolling">Doomscrolling</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_multitasking" title="Human multitasking">Human multitasking</a>

<ul><li><a href="Media_multitasking" title="Media multitasking">Media multitasking</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Mobile phones and driving safety</a></li>

<li><a href="Smartphones_and_pedestrian_safety" title="Smartphones and pedestrian safety">Smartphones and pedestrian safety</a></li>

<li><a href="Texting_while_driving" title="Texting while driving">Texting while driving</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Influence-for-hire" title="Influence-for-hire">Influence-for-hire</a></li>

<li><a href="Infodemic" title="Infodemic">Infodemic</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_explosion" title="Information explosion">Information explosion</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_overload" title="Information overload">Information overload</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information pollution</a></li>

<li><a href="Information%E2%80%93action_ratio" title="Information–action ratio">Information–action ratio</a></li>

<li><a href="Rage_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Rage farming">Rage farming</a></li>

<li><a href="Screen_time" title="Screen time">Screen time</a>

<ul><li><a href="Binge-watching" title="Binge-watching">Binge-watching</a></li>

<li><a href="Television_consumption" title="Television consumption">Television consumption</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sticky_content" title="Sticky content">Sticky content</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive bias</a>/<br><a href="Conformity" title="Conformity">Conformity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Availability_cascade" title="Availability cascade">Availability cascade</a></li>

<li><a href="Availability_heuristic" title="Availability heuristic">Availability heuristic</a></li>

<li><a href="Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">Confirmation bias</a></li>

<li><a href="Crowd_psychology" title="Crowd psychology">Crowd psychology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li>

<li><a href="Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">Moral panic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mean_world_syndrome" title="Mean world syndrome">Mean world syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Negativity_bias" title="Negativity bias">Negativity bias</a></li>

<li><a href="Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">Peer pressure</a></li>

<li><a href="Social-desirability_bias" title="Social-desirability bias">Social-desirability bias</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_influence_bias" title="Social influence bias">Social influence bias</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiral_of_silence" title="Spiral of silence">Spiral of silence</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a>/<br><a href="Political_polarization" title="Political polarization">Political polarization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Algorithmic_radicalization" title="Algorithmic radicalization">Algorithmic radicalization</a>

<ul><li><a href="Online_youth_radicalization" title="Online youth radicalization">Youth</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Echo_chamber_(media)" title="Echo chamber (media)">Echo chamber</a></li>

<li><a href="Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">Fake news website</a>

<ul><li><a href="Post-truth_politics" title="Post-truth politics">Post-truth politics</a></li>

<li><a href="Fake_news_websites_in_the_United_States" title="Fake news websites in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Filter_bubble" title="Filter bubble">Filter bubble</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_divide" title="Knowledge divide">Knowledge divide</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_gap_hypothesis" title="Knowledge gap hypothesis">Knowledge gap hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_polarization_in_the_United_States" title="Political polarization in the United States">Political polarization in the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_media_use_in_politics" title="Social media use in politics">Social media use in politics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Social_media_and_political_communication_in_the_United_States" title="Social media and political communication in the United States">United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_media_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Social media in the 2016 United States presidential election">2016 U.S. presidential election</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_media_in_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Social media in the 2020 United States presidential election">2020 U.S. presidential election</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computer_rage" title="Computer rage">Computer rage</a></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_Facebook" title="Criticism of Facebook">Criticism of Facebook</a>

<ul><li><a href="2021_Facebook_leak" title="2021 Facebook leak">2021 Facebook company files leak</a></li>

<li><a href="Facebook%E2%80%93Cambridge_Analytica_data_scandal" title="Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal">Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_Netflix" title="Criticism of Netflix">Criticism of Netflix</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_impact_of_TikTok" title="Cultural impact of TikTok">Cultural impact of TikTok</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Digital media use and mental health</a></li>

<li><a href="Effects_of_violence_in_mass_media" title="Effects of violence in mass media">Effects of violence in mass media</a></li>

<li><a href="Fascination_with_death" title="Fascination with death">Fascination with death</a></li>

<li><a href="Griefer" title="Griefer">Griefer</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_shooting_contagion" title="Mass shooting contagion">Mass shooting contagion</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychological_effects_of_Internet_use" title="Psychological effects of Internet use">Psychological effects of Internet use</a></li>

<li><a href="Sealioning" title="Sealioning">Sealioning</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Social aspects of television</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_bot" title="Social bot">Social bot</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_impact_of_YouTube" title="Social impact of YouTube">Social impact of YouTube</a></li>

<li><a href="Technophilia" title="Technophilia">Technophilia</a>

<ul><li><a href="Neophile" title="Neophile">Neophile</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Technophobia" title="Technophobia">Technophobia</a></li>

<li><a href="Violence_and_video_games" title="Violence and video games">Violence and video games</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-11-29" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Least_objectionable_program&oldid=1260132470">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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